ANKATO, Minn., May 2 — A spiraling
road slopes gently up to Good Counsel Hill, where the convent of the School
Sisters of Notre Dame perches peacefully. Within its thick red brick walls
are bright paintings of nuns and children. Organ hymns waft from a circular
chapel, and nuns attend Mass and murmur rosaries under a white vaulted
dome.
But this crucible of faith is also the site of an extraordinary scientific
experiment. For 15 years, elderly Catholic nuns here have had their genes
analyzed and balance and strength measured. They have been tested on how
many words they can remember minutes after reading them on flashcards,
how many animals they can name in a minute and whether they can count coins
correctly.
The autobiographical essays they wrote for their order in their 20's,
when they took their vows, have been scrutinized, their words plumbed for
meaning. And as they have died, their brains have been removed and shipped
in plastic tubs to a laboratory where they are analyzed and stored in jars.
The experiment, called the Nun Study, is considered by experts on aging
to be one of the most innovative efforts to answer questions about who
gets Alzheimer's disease and why. And now in a new report it is offering
insight on a different subject — whether a positive emotional outlook early
in life can help people live longer.
"The Nun Study has certainly been pioneering," said Dr. Richard Suzman,
chief of demography and population epidemiology at the National Institute
on Aging. "It's helped change the paradigm about how people think about
aging and Alzheimer's disease."
By studying 678 nuns — at this convent and six others in the order,
in Connecticut, Maryland, Texas, Wisconsin, Missouri and Illinois — Dr.
David A. Snowdon, an epidemiologist at the University of Kentucky, and
colleagues have come up with tantalizing clues and provocative theories
over the years.
Their research has shown that folic acid may help stave off Alzheimer's
disease; that small, barely perceptible strokes may trigger some dementia;
and, in an especially striking finding, that early language ability may
be linked to lower risk of Alzheimer's because nuns who packed more ideas
into the sentences of their early autobiographies were less likely to get
Alzheimer's disease six decades later.
The new report, being published on Monday in The Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, says nuns who expressed more positive emotions in
their autobiographies lived significantly longer — in some cases 10 years
longer — than those expressing fewer positive emotions.
"It's an important finding," Dr. Suzman said, "and I think it will lead
to lots of additional studies."
The nuns are ideal for scientific study because their stable, relatively
similar lives preclude certain factors from contributing to illness. They
do not smoke, hardly drink and do not experience physical changes related
to pregnancy. The School Sisters are white and eat in convent cafeterias,
and most were teachers in Catholic schools.
The study is also considered powerful because it has information from
several stages in its subjects' lives, including when they were too young
to manifest Alzheimer's or other diseases related to aging.
"I think the Nun Study is very important because it uses information
obtained about people before the period of illness," said Dr. Robert P.
Friedland, professor of neurology at Case Western Reserve University and
author of a study showing that people with Alzheimer's were, as young adults,
less mentally and physically active outside their jobs than people without
the disease. "So we know from the Nun Study and others that Alzheimer's
disease takes several decades to develop, and the disease has many important
effects on all aspects of a person's life."
All this has given Dr. Snowdon, author of a new book on the study called
"Aging With Grace" (Bantam), a rare window through which to examine why
some nuns thrive and others deteriorate so much they lose speech, mobility
and much of their memory. The differences show up even in nuns with virtually
identical backgrounds, even those who are biologically related.
At 93, Sister Nicolette Welter still reads avidly, recently finishing
a biography of Bishop James Patrick Shannon. She knits, crochets, plays
rousing card games and, until a recent fall, was walking several miles
a day with no cane or walker.
But a younger sibling, Sister Mary Ursula, 92, shows clear Alzheimer's
symptoms, Dr. Snowdon said. Several times a day, Sister Nicolette feeds
and reads prayers to Sister Mary Ursula, who uses a wheelchair and can
hardly lift her head or gnarled hands.
The other day, Sister Nicolette prompted Sister Mary Ursula to remember
her age and birth date, but when Sister Nicolette asked if she recalled
when "Sister Julia told you to pick up the Kleenex people used after Mass
and you didn't want to," Sister Mary Ursula's eyes glazed, showing no hint
of recognition.
Another Welter sister, 87-year-old Sister Claverine, is still active
and clearheaded. A fourth sibling, Sister Mary Stella, died in 1996 at
80.
"I wouldn't have any idea why this happened to Mary Ursula," said Sister
Nicolette, "but I just feel like I'll keep my mental faculties."
Some of Dr. Snowdon's research suggests she might be right. Sister Nicolette's
autobiography, written when she was 20, was full of what Dr. Snowdon calls
"idea density," many thoughts woven into a small number of words, a trait
correlating closely with nuns who later escaped Alzheimer's.
One sentence in Sister Nicolette's essay, for example, reads, "After
I finished the eighth grade in 1921 I desired to become an aspirant at
Mankato but I myself did not have the courage to ask the permission of
my parents so Sister Agreda did it in my stead and they readily gave their
consent."
Compare that to the essay of another Mankato nun, who is in her late
90's and has performed steadily worse on the memory tests. The nun, who
sat quietly by a window the other day, wrote in her essay, "After I left
school, I worked in the post- office."
The Nun Study's latest published findings offer similarly provocative
ideas about how positive emotional state in early life may contribute to
living longer. Experts say linking positive emotions in the autobiographies
to longer life echoes other studies showing that depression increases risk
of cardiovascular disease and that people rated as optimists on personality
tests were more likely than pessimists to be alive 30 years later.
The findings also raise questions like, What underlies the positive
emotions?
"How much of this is temperament?" Dr. Suzman said. "How much of it
is affected by life events and critical relationships with parents, friends,
teachers, peers?"
Overall, Dr. Snowdon says, the nuns live significantly longer than other
women. Of the 678 in the study, 295 are alive and are all 85 or older.
In the Mankato convent alone, there have been seven centenarians, many
free of dementia.
One is Sister Esther Boor, who at 106 speeds through the labyrinth of
halls with a royal blue walker, glazes ceramic nativity scenes for the
gift shop and pedals an exercise bike every day, her black veil flapping,
an orange towel draped over her legs for modesty.
"Sometimes I feel like I'm 150, but I just made up my mind I'm not going
to give up," said Sister Esther, who gives her exercise therapists yellow
notes with phrases from books she reads. "Think no evil, do no evil, hear
no evil," she wrote recently, "and you will never write a best-selling
novel."
Sister Esther's autobiographical essay, written 80 years ago, is similarly
upbeat, speaking fondly of her family and her decision to become a nun.
Dr. Snowdon's condition that nuns donate their brains was a stumbling
block for some of the sisters.
"I had a hard time with it," said Sister Claverine, who delayed signing
up. "I had an image of myself being buried intact."
But Sister Rita Schwalbe, the convent's health administrator when the
study began, said she had told them that as nuns they had made "the difficult
decision not to have children. This is another way of giving life."
Many nuns now see brain donation through a liturgical lens — or a humorous
one.
Sister Nicolette said: "After the resurrection, our bodies will be perfect.
We'll be so happy we won't care what happens to our brains."
And Sister Miriam Thissen, 89, said: "Que será será. After
you're dead, so what?"
After completing the cognitive and physical tests — including identifying
everyday objects and opening small doors with different latches — the nuns
get summaries of their results and can see if their performance has changed.
"Every time I get out of there I feel like an idiot," said Sister Blanche
Becker, 88, who does crossword puzzles and reads Danielle Steel novels.
"Here I am of sound mind and body and I sit there and open and close little
doors and look at pictures and try to remember them all. But maybe it's
made me more tolerant of people with Alzheimer's. I am afraid of what's
going to happen to me, yes. How stupidly am I going to act? Will I know
people? How long will it take me to die?"
Dr. Snowdon, 48, has become unusually close to his subjects. He says
that when he was in Catholic school as a child, the nuns were more rigid
and strict than the warm, good-humored School Sisters he sees almost as
grandmothers. That relationship has made him acutely aware of sensitive
ethical issues, like how forthright to be with nuns who show slight signs
of Alzheimer's.
"Do we really want to tell these dear women who are having memory loss
that they are in the early phases of Alzheimer's, that they should start
taking something?" he asked.
Dr. Snowdon is quick to agree with other experts who say his conclusions
need to be corroborated by other studies. There are limitations to the
autobiographies, for instance, since the nuns knew a mother superior would
see their writing and therefore may not have been totally candid.
"He's pointed us in some directions," said Dr. Bill Thies, vice president
for medical and scientific affairs at the Alzheimer's Association, based
in Chicago, "but I think it's going to take a fair amount of work before
we start making public health recommendations about behaviors that will
prevent Alzheimer's."
Still, Dr. Snowdon hopes his study will encourage people to do things
to ward off the disease, like quit smoking and other stroke-causing behaviors,
and read to children to stimulate language development. His current project
involves analyzing old photographs of nuns for personality clues in their
face muscles to see if personality correlates to Alzheimer's or longevity.
And, although he cannot prove it scientifically, he contends the nuns'
spirituality and community living helps them too.
"You don't necessarily have to join a church or join a convent," Dr.
Snowdon said. "But that love of other people, that caring, how good they
are to each other and patient, that's something all of us can do."
Several nuns agree.
"The science is important," Sister Miriam said. "But the science is
dictated by providence anyway."
